Personal Statement On Dove Beauty Bar Essay - 1952 Words

CONTENTS TARGETED NEEDS 1 HEALTH NEEDS 1 SOCIAL NEEDS 2 MASLOW’S HIERARACHY OF NEEDS: 2 CULTURE AND SOCIAL CLASS 5 HOFSTEDE MODEL 5 SOCIAL CLASS 6 BELIEFS 8 Brand Distictiveness 8 Inferential Beliefs 8 Consumer Confusion 9 FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD INFLUENCES 11 ROLES IN BUYING DECISIONS: 11 FAMILY LIFE CYCLE: 12 TARGETED NEEDS HEALTH NEEDS Health needs include personal care and hygiene demands. Dove beauty bar caters to the health needs of consumers. Dove sets itself apart in the soap industry by offering a beauty bar. Dove has evolved over time into a beauty bar from a bath and toilet soap. Earlier Dove was known as a bath and toilet soap that cleanses and moisturizes the skin with its cream laden soap. Today Dove does not call itself a soap because over the time it has associated the word soap with harsh cleaning action and rough skin. It completely differentiates itself from soap by calling itself a beauty bar. The change of trends with time also required Dove to remove the word toilet soap from its ads and position itself more strongly on its distinct ability to nourish and revitalize the skin. SOCIAL NEEDS Social image needs are based on a person’s concern about how they are perceived by others and a desire to project a distinct image on others. Dove beauty bar actively focuses on the social needs and communicates the consumer to celebrate differences that they have. Dove’s beauty campaign revolves around diminishing the stigmatized standards for beauty and promotes theShow MoreRelatedThe Principles Of Unilever Ceo Paul Polman2170 Words   |  9 Pages Dove was launched in the market by Unilever in 1957. With a vision to motivate the people to feel good and look good, it aimed to help women to become confident about their skin and appearance. Their basic aim is to get more out of life with brands and services that are actually good for them and also for others. They intend to bring the international expertise to the reach of people belonging to different cultures and backgrounds. It also wants its products to be affordable by all kinds of customersRead MoreEssay on Media Studies Dove1656 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters †¢ The style (genre) of the advert and its focus – what is it selling? †¢ The impact that all of the above might have on perceptions, attitudes or actions of audience members For my assignment I have chosen to study the television advert for Dove Pro-age. The categories that I have chosen to focus on for this assignment is age and gender. The advert is found on the following web page http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vilUhBhNnQc This particle report I am required to write 1500 words. The subjectRead MoreDove - Brand Value3926 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿Question 1 Prior to the launch of â€Å"The Campaign for Real Beauty,† Dove focused mostly on the brand’s functional benefits in its advertising. Dove products were packaged simply, and the name â€Å"dove† implied purity, freshness and cleanliness. It was also very feminine. To customers, Dove was viewed not as soap, but as a moisturizer because of the brand’s constant emphasis on the one-quarter moisturizing cream added to its beauty bars. Because of this, women flocked to the brand in hopes of tradingRead MoreDoves Campaign for Real Beauty Case Study3100 Words   |  13 PagesTABLE of CONTENTS TOPIC PAGE Executive Summary 1 Problem Statement 2 Situation Analysis: Objectives and Goals, Background, Market and External Environment Analysis 2 Situation Analysis: Competition Analysis 3 Situation Analysis: S.W.O.T. Analysis 4 Situation Analysis: Segmentation Analysis 5 Situation Analysis: Consumer Analysis 6 Key Success Factors and Uncertainties 6 Analysis of Alternative Solutions 7 Recommendations 9 Action Plan and Contingency Plan 10 Bibliography 11 Executive SummaryRead MoreCustomer Satisfaction on Marketing Mix of Lux Soap7469 Words   |  30 Pageshave been considered for the study. * Samples were selected conveniently. * The sample size does not represent the total 2. Overview of the Product 3.1 Profile: LUX  is a global brand developed by  Unilever. The range of products includes beauty soaps, shower gels, bath additives, hair shampoos and conditioners. LUX started as â€Å"Sunlight Flakes†Ã‚  laundry soap  in 1899.In 1924, it became the first mass market toilet soap in the world. It is noted as a brand that pioneered female celebrity endorsementsRead MoreTresemme Marketing Strategy2920 Words   |  12 Pagesproduct and to prove that customer can get salon quality hair without going there. The partnership has proven to increase their sales and brand awareness. People like TRESemmà ¨ and they keep buying it due to its affordable price. TRESemmà ¨ Mission Statement As a product with a professional stylist’s standard, TRESemmà ¨Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s mission is to provide the best haircare product that can be afforded by anyone. They believe that everyone deserve the best product that fit their economical ability. Upholding theirRead MoreImpact of Celebrity Endorsement with Non-Celebrity Endorsement8007 Words   |  33 Pagesproduct endorsement is a form of testimonial from someone which indicates that they like or approve the product. Commonly, product endorsements are done from people who are socially prominent, allowing companies to advertise their products with statements like as used by such-and-such an actress, or the official product of company/event X. It s hard to miss a product endorsement on product packaging and in advertisements; most companies keep their endorsements front and centred so that they areRead MoreInternational Marketing Swot Analysis8581 Words   |  35 Pagesdecades of experience and expertise in the area of soap manufa cturing has made Lam Soon a key player in the Malaysia soap market. Today, their product range caters to the different requirements and preferences of today’s consumers, which includes beauty soap, fruity-scented soap, medicated soap, sports soap and even soap manufactured specifically for our Muslim consumers. With a history of over half century and a reputation for integrity, Lam Soon value long-term business partnership with theirRead MorePG Corparate10304 Words   |  42 PagesBCO 321 Strategic Management School of Business Vincent Chee, 110144 Ricky Liew, 100517 Walter Chin, 100936 Table of Content Case Abstraction 3 Vision Statement (Actual) 4 Mission Statement (Actual) 4 Mission Statement (Proposed) 4 Vision Statement (Proposed) 5 Slogan (Proposed) 5 The CPM Matrix of Pamp;G Company 6 External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix for Procter and Gamble (Pamp;G) 9 The I/E matrix for Procter and Gamble (Pamp;G) 14 Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE)Read MoreRatio Analysis Fmcg5318 Words   |  22 PagesKings, Gold Flake Premium, Navy Cut †¢ Foods: (Kitchens of India; Aashirvaad,Candyman,Bingo,Yippee, Sunfeast Pasta brands in Ready to Eat, Biscuits, Confectionery, Noodles and Snack Foods); †¢ Apparel: (Wills Lifestyle and John Players brands); †¢ Personal care: (Fiama di Wills; Vivel; Essenza di Wills; Superia; Vivel di Wills brands of products in perfumes, haircare and skincare) †¢ Stationery: (Classmate and PaperKraft brands) Safety Matches and Agarbattis. RATIO ANALYSIS In mathematics, a

Summary of Letters from Birmingham Jail Essay - 777 Words

Helal Ahmed Professor Smith English 125 October 6, 2010 Summary of M.L.K.’s Letters from Bringham Jail Martin Luther King Jrs â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was written during his 8 day sentence in jail in 1963. He chose to travel and protest in Birmingham due to the fact that it was widely known as one of the most segregated city in the U.S. The letter not only addresses the issues of unjustly being arrested for being an extremist of his approach to the protest, and of the incompetence of the church but its also an appeal for things to be seen from his point of view. One line that caught my eye was when King said that he would have, aided and comforted my Jewish brothers. If today I lived in a Communist†¦show more content†¦Time and time again, King had been told to just wait it out, that it wasnt the right time and when he finally did go through with his plans, his non-violent protest was confined and charged with parading without a permit. Martin Luther King talks about how he should be able to protest and t alk about his cause as much as he likes because the only other way to reach out to people is through acts of violence. And violent measures would not be too much to ask considering how much Negroes had been harassed, treating differently by law enforcement and in reference to the article, even amusement parks and churches. Its surprising that even while imprisoned, while knowing that his efforts have been futile, Martin Luther King still wrote diplomatically. He wrote objectively and makes sure that even if he does have any ill or resentment towards the authority of Birmingham, its not shown. On his part, its a smart move made because it enforces his belief of non violence and shows the clergyman whom had asked him and his organization to pull back from the workshops what his real intentions are. In my opinion his writing style was the perfect manipulation; whoever reads this will feel exactly how he felt. The Negroes who were beaten, degraded, separated, picked on will feel his pa in and those who want there to be equality all around will want to make sure it happens. In Martin Luther Kings eyes, illegal and legal are portrayed in how a person sees the act.Show MoreRelatedSummary and Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†1708 Words   |  7 PagesSummary and Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested on April 12, 1963, in Birmingham, for protesting without a permit. The same day that King was arrested, a letter was written and signed by eight clergymen from Birmingham and titled â€Å"A Call for Unity†. The letter called for ending demonstrations and civil activities and indicated King as an â€Å"outsider†. On April 16, 1963, King responded to their letter with his own call, which has come toRead MoreLetter From Birmingham City Jail Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Ybarra Philosophy 1C 23 November 2015 Letter From Birmingham City Jail Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the Letter from Birmingham City Jail to the clergymen, saying that they criticized the actions and how they were targeting him. He explains in the letter how the city of Birmingham has gone through all the nonviolent campaigns and that it proves that their is serious racial injustice. Martin Luther King Jr. composed the letter to Birmingham in 1963. The reason why so many people were complainingRead MoreEssay on Birmingham 19631346 Words   |  6 PagesIn April and May of 1963, Birmingham, Alabama was a focal point for the civil rights movement. Birmingham was home to one of the most violent cells of the KKK and violence against black people was so commonplace (especially in the form of explosives) that it was referred to as â€Å"Bombingham.† It was these conditions that lead Martin Luther King to arrive and organize a series of non-violent protests in the city. These protests were relatively low key and weren’t very well attended. This was dueRead MoreLetter from Birmingham Jail1872 Words   |  8 Pages2015 Letter from Birmingham Jail-Rhetorical Analysis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† in order to address the biggest issue in Birmingham and the United States at the time (racism) and to also address the critics he received from the clergymen. The letter discusses the great injustices happening toward the Black community in Birmingham and although it is primarily aimed at the clergymen King writes the letter for all to read. In his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham JailRead MoreOutline And Objective Of A Persuasive Text1284 Words   |  6 Pageshave an empty picture. Evidence and reasoning are the two basic pieces of your persuasive letter. Without these, you’ll simply have a frame—your claim—without information to complete the argument. Explaining how things connect for your reader is one of the most important ways to strengthen your argument. Today s lesson objective is: Students will be able to develop an analysis using relevant evidence from texts to support claims, opinions, ideas, and inferences. When reading a persuasive textRead MoreEssay on Rhetorical Analysis of the Letter from Birmingham Jail983 Words   |  4 Pages Letter from Birmingham Jail is a letter that explains the controversy that occurred when the clergymen purportedly criticized Luther’s entrance into Birmingham. Luther King Jr writes this letter to the clergymen who had insinuated that the situation of racial discrimination was in control by the law administrators and was not to be intervened by King and his group, the outsiders. The letter is published by the program of Teaching American History - Ashland University and dated on the day and dateRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr : Letter From Birmingham Jail Essay1678 Words   |  7 Pages Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail Hao Ran Hu SUNY Broome Hao Ran Hu Global History Professor St.Clair 2016 Martin Luther King Jr: Letter from Birmingham Jail One of the interesting Documents in World History is the ‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ by Martin Luther King Jr who was born as Michael King in 1929 in Atlanta. His parents wereRead More Letter From a Birminham Jail Essay example417 Words   |  2 Pages Summary of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King, Jr. In Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from Birmingham Jail, he responds to a letter entitled Statement by Alabama Clergymen. In King’s letter, he makes it clear that he does not usually answer letters of criticism, but because this one came from educated men he felt the need to clarify his purposes, actions, and goals of this civil rights campaign. King first states he is in Birmingham because he has affiliates there who asked himRead MoreLetter From A Birmingham Jail1900 Words   |  8 Pages Summary and Response â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† John Hodgin English 111-54H Professor Bradford Ivy Tech Community College September 24, 2017 Cover Letter Professor Bradford, Obviously my primary motivation for writing my Summary and Response Draft is that it is a requirement for my English Composition Class. Having said that, I also have another heartfelt motivation for writing my Summary and Response about Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail†. I have studiedRead MoreSummary Of Martin Luther Kings Letter From Birmingham Jail1159 Words   |  5 Pageswas actively participating in passive protests opposing the laws which upheld these injustices. In his â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† King replies to the criticism of eight clergymen, who called him and his companions extremists and law breakers (King 187). In his letter of response, King both shows his disappointment with these men, as well as plead with them to see his side. King wants his letter to make the clergymen to look past his skin color and simply see him as a brother in the church. Racial

Health Dietary Patterns

Question: Discuss about theHealthfor Dietary Patterns. Answer: Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Obesity Prevention Dietary Patterns Wang et al. (2015) highlighted that an energy-restricted balanced diet, together with education and behavioural modification could limit the gain in weight in children who have risks of developing mild or moderate obesity. Reduction in fat-containing diet is the key to heathy living. Saturated fat is to be avoided in meals, and this can be achieved by avoiding foods like fast foods, chips, fries and chips. A reduced-fat diet is useful for secondary and primary prevention of weight gain. Karnik and Kanekar (2015) in this regard states that a protein-sparing modified diet can help in achieving rapid loss of weight. Studies have been conducted that indicate reductions in the prevalence of overweight. However, the studies combine the dietary guidelines with behaviour modifications; thus assessment of the diet itself is difficult. Physical Exercise Laurson et al., (2014) undertook a study to review the effect of school-based interventions on physical activity behaviour and knowledge. It was found that significant improvements took place through this intervention. Parents and physicians must encourage children to take part in vigorous physical activities through young adulthood and adolescence and restrict the time spent by children in front of the television and for playing computer and video games. Regular walking for around 20-30 minutes in a day can facilitate control of weight to a considerable extent. Khalife et al., (2014) opine that exercises bring reduction in weight accretion through an increase in expenditure of energy and the impact is favourable for cardiovascular status. Body fat, as well as cholesterol levels, are decreased, and lean body mass is increased, thereby improving the psychological well-being. Lifestyle exercise programs, together with dietary restrictions, leads to weight control in the long run in chi ldren and adolescents. Treatment Pharmacological Intervention Studies have indicated the success of the drug Metformin on glucose tolerance, serum lipids, serum leptin and BMI. At the end of the study, a statistically significant difference was found between the BMI scores for the group with intervention and the placebo group (Bryant et al., 2014). Guidelines for childhood obesity management recommends two drugs to be used for the management of obesity in adults, sibutramine and orlistat. However, no guidelines are present regarding the use of these two drugs for children. Research is going on to determine the effectiveness of these two drugs in obese children (Xu Xue, 2016). Behaviour Modification with the Help of Schools, Parents and Social Media School-based interventions are useful in treating obesity in children as indicated by multiple studies considering cohorts from different backgrounds. Changes in lifestyle can be brought if school authorities and parents provide encouragement and support to the children already suffering from obesity. Schools should take up the responsibility of providing healthy diet plan to the students in need. Training can be provided to students by appointing health educators (Showell et al., 2013). Social media is a good mode of reaching out to the students as they can easily relate to the messages communicated through social media. The attitudes and beliefs of the children can easily be changed if this mode for change can be properly utilised (Waters et al., 2014). References Bryant, M., Ashton, L., Brown, J., Jebb, S., Wright, J., Roberts, K., Nixon, J. (2014). Systematic review to identify and appraise outcome measures used to evaluate childhood obesity treatment interventions (CoOR): evidence of purpose, application, validity, reliability and sensitivity.Health Technology Assessment,18(51). Karnik, S., Kanekar, A. (2015). Childhood obesity: a global public health crisis.Int J Prev Med, 2012. 3 (1), 1-7. Khalife, N., Kantomaa, M., Glover, V., Tammelin, T., Laitinen, J., Ebeling, H., ... Rodriguez, A. (2014). Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms are risk factors for obesity and physical inactivity in adolescence.Journal of the American academy of child adolescent psychiatry,53(4), 425-436. Laurson, K. R., Lee, J. A., Gentile, D. A., Walsh, D. A., Eisenmann, J. C. (2014). Concurrent associations between physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration with childhood obesity.ISRN obesity,2014. Showell, N. N., Fawole, O., Segal, J., Wilson, R. F., Cheskin, L. J., Bleich, S. N., ... Wang, Y. (2013). A systematic review of home-based childhood obesity prevention studies.Pediatrics,132(1), e193-e200. Wang, Y., Cai, L., Wu, Y., Wilson, R. F., Weston, C., Fawole, O., ... Chiu, D. T. (2015). What childhood obesity prevention programmes work? A systematic review and meta?analysis.Obesity Reviews,16(7), 547-565. Waters, E., Silva-Sanigorski, A. D., Burford, B. J., Brown, T., Campbell, K. J., Gao, Y., ... Summerbell, C. D. (2014). Interventions for preventing obesity in children.Sao Paulo Medical Journal,132(2), 128-129. Xu, S., Xue, Y. (2016). Pediatric obesity: Causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine,11(1), 15-20.

Johnny Appleseed and Today’s Apples Essay Example

Johnny Appleseed and Today’s Apples Paper â€Å"The Apple† details the story of both the fruit, but more importantly, Johnny Appleseed, the legendary man who, two hundred years ago, crossed the Midwestern part of the country (Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana area), spreading apple seeds around in order to encourage apple trees to grow.   His real name was John Chapman, and he is said to be something of a strange man, one who was convinced of his duality with nature (he was a vegetarian, never rode horses or chopped down trees, and punished himself for hurting any creature, no matter how small, and even by accident). The author is attempting to trace Johnny Appleseed’s path across Ohio, and to discover his true reasons for planting apples.   According to science, apple seeds do not produce ‘normal’ apple trees.   Only tree cloning can do this.   Apple seeds produce terribly bitter fruit that is usually used for producing alcohol.   So, Johnny Appleseed was bringing alcohol to the colonies.   He moved continually, planting apple seeds where he knew a town would spring up in a few years, and when it did, he would sell the small apple trees for profit.   This was good business practice, as most people selling land required that the buyers plant orchards, to encourage them to keep and use their land. We will write a custom essay sample on Johnny Appleseed and Today’s Apples specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Johnny Appleseed and Today’s Apples specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Johnny Appleseed and Today’s Apples specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sweetness is another popular reason for the apple.   Sugar wasn’t common in the frontier times, and any sweetness came from fruit.   The apple was among the sweetest.   This sweetness, of course, lent itself well to the creation of alcohol.   Alcohol was necessary, though, because it was a safer drink than water, even for children, in a time when water was often infested with cholera or worse. A man named Bill takes the author around Apple Country and shows him Johnny Appleseed’s path.   They walk across country, paddle down rivers, and look at apple trees that had been planted by Appleseed himself.   Along the way, the author continues to ask Bill biographical questions about Appleseed, such as the rumors about his child bride who left him, why he never married, and how he lived everywhere and nowhere at the same time. Today, many varieties of apples still grow, some propagated by Johnny Appleseed.   Legends of Appleseed still exist in many different areas, as the author finds out.   The apple, and the man who loved it, are still a large part of today’s folklore, and real tradition.

7 Great Websites for Writers

7 Great Websites for Writers 7 Great Websites for Writers 7 Great Websites for Writers By Mark Nichol From usual suspects to obscure gems, from grammar guides to usage resources, here are some websites of great value to writers: 1. Amazon.com You may have heard of this website a good place, I understand, to find books (or anything else manufactured). But what I appreciate even more is the â€Å"Search inside this book† link under the image of the book cover on most pages in the Books section. No longer does one need to own a book or go to a bookstore or a library to thumb through it in search of that name or bon mot or expression you can’t quite remember. And even if you do have access to the book in question, it’s easier to search online (assuming you have a keyword in mind that’s proximal in location or locution to your evasive prey) than to try to remember on what part of what page in what part of the book you remember seeing something last week or last month or years ago. And then, of course, there are the site’s â€Å"Frequently Bought Together† and â€Å"Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought† features but the book search can be a writer’s salvation. 2. Banned for Life Newspaper editor Tom Mangan’s site lists reader contributions of clichà ©s and redundancies. 3. The Chicago Manual of Style Online My review on this site of The Chicago Manual of Style notes that buying the bulky book, despite its abundance of useful information, is overkill for writers (but not editors), but editorial professionals of all kinds will benefit from the CMOS website’s Style QA feature, which responds authoritatively, sensibly, and often humorously to visitors’ queries. 4. GrammarBook.com The late Jane Straus, author of The Blue Book on Grammar and Punctuation, created this site to promote her book, but it also features many simple grammar lessons (with quizzes), as well as video lessons, an e-newsletter, and blog entries that discuss various grammar topics. 5. The Phrase Finder A useful key to proverbs, phrases from the Bible and Shakespeare, nautical expressions, and American idiom (the site originates in the United Kingdom), plus a feature called â€Å"Famous Last Words† and, for about $50 a year, subscription to a phrase thesaurus. (Subscribers include many well-known media companies and other businesses as well as universities.) 6. The Vocabula Review The Principal Web Destination for Anyone Interested in Words and Language Essays about language and usage; $25 per year by email, $35 for the print version. 7. The Word Detective Words and Language in a Humorous Vein on the Web Since 1995 This online version of Evan Morris’s newspaper column of the same name (some were also published in the book The Word Detective) features humorous QA entries about word origins. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?Using the Active Voice to Strengthen Your WritingShow, Don't Tell

Reading Comprehension for Presidential Elections

Reading Comprehension for Presidential Elections This reading comprehension focuses on Presidential elections. Its followed by key vocabulary relating to the US elections system. Presidential Elections Americans elect a new president on the first Tuesday in November. Its an important event that happens once every four years. Currently, the president is always elected from one of the two main parties in the United States: the Republicans and the Democrats. There are other presidential candidates. However, it is unlikely that any of these third party candidates will win. It certainly hasnt happened in the last one hundred years. In order to become the presidential nominee of a party, the candidate must win the primary election. Primary elections are held throughout each state in the United States in the first half of an election year. Then, the delegates attend their party convention in order to nominate their chosen candidate. Usually, as in this election, its clear who will be the nominee. However, in the past parties have been divided and choosing a nominee has been a difficult process. Once the nominees have been selected, they campaign throughout the country. A number of debates are usually held in order to better understand the candidates points of view. These points of view often reflect their partys platform. A party platform is best described as the general beliefs and policies a party holds. Candidates travel the country by plane, bus, train or by car giving speeches. These speeches are often called stump speeches. In the 19th century, candidates would stand on tree stumps to deliver their speeches. These stump speeches repeat the candidates basic views and aspirations for the country. They are repeated many hundreds of times by each candidate. Many people believe that campaigns in the United States have become too negative. Each night you can see many attack ads on the television. These short ads contain sound bites which often distort the truth  or something the other candidate has said or done. Another recent problem has been voter turnout. There is often less than 60% turnout for national elections. Some people dont register to vote, and some registered voters dont show up at the voting booths. This angers many citizens who feel that voting is the most important responsibility of any citizen. Others point out that not voting is expressing an opinion that the system is broken. The United States maintains an extremely old, and some say inefficient, voting system. This system is called the Electoral College. Each state is assigned electoral votes based on the number of senators and representatives that state has in Congress. Each state has two Senators. The number of representatives is determined by the states population but is never less than one. The electoral votes are decided by the popular vote in each state. One candidate wins all of the electoral votes in a state. In other words, Oregon has 8 electoral votes. If 1 million people vote for the Republican candidate and one million and ten people vote for the Democratic candidate all 8 electoral votes go to the Democratic candidate. Many people feel that this system should be abandoned. Key Vocabulary to electpolitical partyRepublicanDemocratthird partycandidatepresidential nomineeprimary electiondelegateto attendparty conventionto nominatedebateparty platformstump speechattack adssound biteto distort the truthvoter turnoutregistered votervoting boothElectoral CollegeCongresssenatorrepresentativeelectoral votepopular vote

Environmental Regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Regulation - Essay Example Preference to other dealings in addition to customary enforcement responses stems from a conviction that community standards and values have undergone a basic change. People are indicative of steady support for environmental safety, and industry leaders more and more see environmental protection as an imperative value. Present industry managers grew up through years while their civilization maintained protection of the environment as an innately optimistic target. Therefore they bring a basically diverse approach to environmental regulations, and their responsibility to accomplish them. The standard basis usually offered for a broader compliance strategy to environmental regulation is therefore eventually based on the conviction that regulators and the public now share the same objectives and value systems. Non-compliance today may be considered as a communication gap or lack of knowledge and not an implicit challenge to the fundamental regulatory ideas. Environmental consciousness a mong citizens came down in the later 1990s. For example, in the United States, environmental regulation came down to a mid-level political concern and graded below other issues such as education, health care, crime etc. (Demmke, 2001) The Environmental Protection Agency was formed in 1970, to strengthen the federal government’s environmental responsibilities. This was a clear detection that the problems of air and water pollution, solid waste clearance, water supply, and pesticide and radiation control were interconnected and needed a combined approach. On January 1st 1970, The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into regulation. The act necessitate that an environmental impact statement be organized for all recommendation or report on legislation and for each major federal action considerably affecting the feature of the environment. The environmental impact report must: explain the environmental impact of the planned action, talk about

Identify potential risk and protective factors that may influence Essay

Identify potential risk and protective factors that may influence adolescents drug and alcohol use, and why do we need to consider these. Discuss - Essay Example These programs and services provided by the professionals meet the rigorous standards of the nations. They are considered to be the vertebral column of the public health reaction required to address this universal epidemic. The variation in treatment and the revitalization programs are considerable. However, it has been observed that these treatment programs are still not inclusive, accessible or affordable for everyone. Those individuals who genuinely need proper care and treatment must get access to it. In reality, out of five million individuals, nearly two million, who are suffering from drug and alcohol addiction, have the benefit of receiving proper and adequate treatment. Thus, about 60 percent of the drug and alcohol patients are deprived of proper treatment. One indisputable fact remains for the individuals who receive adequate treatment. This includes the assistance of families, pals and the society. They play a significant role in the overall recovery process. We should no t underestimate their timely involvement, encouragement, support to get out the addiction and help them to maintain sobriety (Facts about Drug and Alcohol Addiction, Treatment, Recovery and Use, n.d.). According to the European Union, the main reasons that provoke young Europeans to go for drug addiction are curiosity, peer pressure, thrill seeking and problems at home. The other reasons are loneliness, recreation, problems at schools or workplace, lack of willpower, expected effect of the drug and social or economic problems (Young people and drugs, 2004, p. 25). Figure 1 shows the trend in the causes behind drug abuse between 2002 and 2004. It has been estimated that nearly 3 percent of the total population of the world (that is, about 185 million people) have abused drugs during the period of June 2003 to June 2004. This report has been submitted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). About 13 million of the world

Prayer in Counseling Essay Example for Free

Prayer in Counseling Essay In Eriksen and Weld’s journal article, the writers contend that spirituality and prayer is being utilized more and more by mental health practitioners and counselors. The concept of prayer within the counseling session is something that was considered for a long time but the actual use of spirituality practices is more frequently being used today. This particular article is based upon the data retrieved from two tests that were done on first time counselees and their practitioners. All of the counselees were Christians and results were based on what their expectations were regarding prayer and spirituality inventions. The test also surveyed what the beliefs and practices were of the counselors. Ultimately, the test showed that most counselees preferred the introduction of prayer within the sessions. They wished audible prayer was initiated by the counselor. Additionally, the test results also showed that clients expected prayer and even prefer that counselors or practitioners pray for them outside the prayer sessions as well. Another interesting thing that the test results showed was that religious natured conservatives preferred prayer more than the liberals of a religious nature. Overall, the studies from this article resulted in a confirmation that prayer is therapeutic and healthy for the clients. According to the article, spirituality has already been linked to a sturdy well-being and even secular counselors have used prayer intervention in sessions. There are many therapists that do not believe in mixing psychology with theology, however; the results seem to point to the fact that prayer intervention and spirituality produces effectiveness in psychotherapy sessions. There has been some controversy about using prayer in counseling such as improper use of prayer in counseling. In some cases, practitioners may not be trained properly to incorporate prayer and this could result in a damaged relationship between client and counselor. In some cases there are counselors that may not value prayer within the session but their clients may find it important. On the contrary, one of the studies showed that there were more counselors that valued prayer than their counselees. With these barriers to consider, research and examination of spirituality and prayer in counseling will be pursued further. Interaction It was quite amazing to see how high of a percentage of practitioners actually incorporate prayer with the counseling. There was a time when educators did not suggest using prayer or spirituality in the counseling sessions due to the delicacy of the subject of religion. Also, as a former secular counselor, there was some concern that many of the clients were not Christians and there may be offense taken by the client. After reading this journal article, it is enlightening to find out that many clients prefer prayer especially since many counselors are Christians now. Since there is very little research on the subject of prayer intervention, further research is crucial so that counselors can learn the proper way to incorporate prayer into the therapy session. Although the authors covered a pair of research studies on how effective prayer is to the success of the counseling session, it wasn’t sufficient enough to say that the majority of people who come to counseling prefer prayer. The article covered a lot about proven effectiveness of spirituality with counseling but there needs to be more on how to properly incorporate the two entities. Prayer is enlightening to many counselors but it is still a sensitive subject and needs to be weaned in the right way. It is this author’s assertion that prayer can be enlightening and beneficial to the mental health from personal experiences. The application of prayer and Biblical scriptures has been so uplifting for many clients but there are many out there that do not know the benefits of prayer. Dialogue is crucial when initiating prayer in the counseling session so the counselor needs to be well educated on the techniques. Spirituality and prayer has been utilized by this counselor and has been an integral tool in problem solving and keeping clients happy. As a Christian counselor, prayer for the client can be done after sessions whether the client wants it or not but during sessions should be carefully applied. It is because of this article that this author will study and investigate how to incorporate prayer carefully into the counseling session. Application It is because of this article that this author will study and investigate how to incorporate prayer carefully into the counseling session. Eriksen and Weld’s journal is an important tool and this author has definitely learned a lot from this reading. A client that comes in for grief counseling or depression would benefit from the therapeutic use of prayer. This author would carefully incorporate the Biblical scriptures as well as prayer on and off sessions because it is expected of a Christian. Since religion of any form is very sensitive for many people, this counselor will make sure to learn the best way to initiate it and use it throughout the counseling sessions. Another benefit in utilizing prayer is the trust building of the client for the practitioner so therefore; this author will utilize prayer to promote a great relationship. This author will make sure that the client is confident enough to share their feelings about prayer and spirituality. First and foremost, it will be disclosed in the very beginning that the author is a Christian. After listening to the client and finding his or her comfort level, Spirituality will somehow be introduced in the session whether it is in the form of reading Biblical scriptures or facilitating a prayer. In the past, this author has used prayer with counselees in and after sessions, but now realizes the sensitivity of how to apply it. It has been welcomed by both non-Christians and Christians but the article has shed the light on how detrimental an improper application of Spirituality and prayer can be to the counseling relationship.

A Comparison Of Arthur Becomes King And David And Goliath Essay

A Comparison of Arthur Becomes King and David and Goliath   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two of the most renowned leaders of all time, King Arthur and King David, have emerged from very humble beginnings. David and Goliath, written by Samuel, is a bible story about a young boy defeating a huge Philistine soldier by fighting in the name of God. Arthur Becomes King, written by T. H. White, is a story about a young squire becoming the rightful king of England by pulling the sword from the stone. Arthur Becomes King and David and Goliath, stories about an unlikely person turning out to be someone very special, have many similarities and differences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   David and Goliath and Arthur Becomes King are alike in many ways. They both take place in a wild site torn by wa...

Impact on Learning of Lateralization of Brain Essay

Brain asymmetry refers to the unequal involvement of both hemispheres of the brain in different mental functions. In their general anatomy, the two hemispheres are very similar but there are a number of finer features that distinguish them from each other (Annett, 1985 ). The link between these structural differences and functional differences remains poorly understood. The asymmetry of brain function has been demonstrated both by studying the effects of brain damage on accidental faculties cognitive, but also more recently through the techniques of brain imaging showing asymmetric activations following mental operations, performed which is recorded as evidence of brain activity (Vallortigara & Bisazza, 1999). Despite significant progress on this issue, there are still many points of discussion. The link between these asymmetries and hemispheric dominance is still under scientific investigation, and the mechanisms neuro-developmental factors that lead to these asymmetries are under s tudy. This paper evaluates the impact of brain lateralization on human learning. There are significant ways in which the left hand side of the brain is different from the right hand side. The left temporal cortex neurons have developed the capacity to discriminate and identify sounds and syllables of words emitted by the human voice (Beaton, 2004). While the right temporal cortex neurons are sensitive to musical characteristics of the voice. The hemispheres, right and left, have differentiated to process information in its entirety. Other integrative functions are assigned to each different hemisphere. The left hemisphere is more involved in understanding spoken language but also in logical reasoning and in the motor control of the right side of the body (Capacchione, 2001). While the right hemisphere is more involved in music perception, emotional perception, and visual-spatial control, creativity lies in the motor control of the left side of the body. However, the development of these functions is dependent on many trainings and activities of each person (Morris, Left Brain, Right Brain, Whole Brain?, 2005). Although dedicated to certain functions by programming dependent on genetic information, the brain areas may change depending on their capacity and plasticity of living. The brain is an organ unique to each of us. Left Brain −It is said to be analytic, logical, mathematical, sequential −It works preferably from the detail −It is the seat of language preferred, but not exclusively The study of aphasia (language impairment associated with localized brain damage) showed that a lesion localized does not always match the same pathologies. Thus, about a quarter of a configuration have left hemispheric opposed to the language. Note too that lateralization is not yet established in children, the brain is still malleable until about age 9 to 11 years, some say until adolescence, which would be consistent with the process of myelination (Pinel & Dehaene, 2010). Other exceptions may also be mentioned: the illiterate (in fact, learning to write left to reinforce the dominance for language), the bilingual and multilingual (right cerebral hemisphere of right-handers can play a role in acquiring a second language, especially when learning takes place in adulthood). Finally, there is variability in symptomatology depending on the structure of language speaker’s brains (all languages are not treated the same way) (Capacchione, 2001). Right Brain −It is called analog, empirical and intuitive. −It works rather on the whole, the trial and error, and the deduction. −It is the seat of prime image processing and nonverbal communication −The analytical intelligence It is exact in nature and is fully expressed in detail, in abstraction, and in indexing. This is the basis of science, which allows identifying that 1 +1 = 2. In theory, it cannot be faulted, and can reach all levels of complexity by adding. It is tempting to liken it to mathematics, but it is also the basis of language. Its biggest flaw is that it does not support gaps in processing. The impact of brain lateralization on human learning is, thus, highly significant. Neurological and psychomotor development is a biological process to monitor a child. At the heart of this development, brain lateralization is a concern for most parents. When the child tends to acquire a right-sided dominance, parents are relieved (Coon & Mitterer, Psychology: A Journey, 2010). Otherwise, they are more or less worried about the normal development of their child and its adaptability in a world organized for the convenience of the right-handed individuals. The lateralization process is effective at the age of six or seven years. However, you can tell if your child will be left handed or right from as early as 3 years. Before three years, it is almost impossible to tell if ones child is left or right handed, as the child uses both his hands to seize or to imitate the gestures and movements of adults. However, its laterality begins to define itself through three years. Seeing you eat, it will spontaneously take a spoon and try to imitate the parents guiding hand (Coon & Mitterer, Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior, 2010). When I saw you kick a ball, try to copy it using his head. If your child performs these simple gestures with both hands and both feet, it is likely to become ambidextrous. The parental concern for children is mostly left structuring of a society organized for right-handed majority. Indeed, the world we live in is specially organized for the convenience of the latter (Coon & Mitterer, Psychology: A Journey, 2010). Low life expectancy, vulnerability to accidents and household accidents, popular prejudices around the left handed mainly because they are forced to adapt to a world of right-handedness. The effort that they are required to live in the societal structure is larger than right-handers. Despite this, the latest statistics continue to show that even in the third millennium; â€Å"lefties† are not an endangered species. The right hemisphere is dominant in people with left-sided brains. In other words, motor development and neurological development is from this hemisphere of the brain. Wanting to force a child to become left-handed is a mistake (Neveu, 2008). This may alter the process of natural development of his/her brain. Stop worrying and help them to develop in the direction of its natural handedness. Make sure your child is accomplished with relative ease useful activities such as writing or using a spoon. If your child is still confined in an ambidextrous trend for five years, it is necessary to consult a psychotherapist. The best-known example of the functional asymmetry is the dominance of the left hemisphere in speech production, which can be around 95% of right-handers and 70% shown by the left-handed. Studies of split-brain patients have shown that only in no stimulation of the right hemisphere processed verbal-expressive utterances were allowed (Osman, Mà ¼ller, & Syre, 2005). Moreover, there is the left hemisphere in word recognition and math operations are dominant. A dominance of the right hemisphere can be detected in areas such as spatial perception and face recognition. Prerequisite for the processing of information is the information recording. All our sense organs can be used as a receiving member. The incoming information is analyzed by comparison with existing knowledge. The perception process could also be called â€Å"hypothesis testing†. Not only prior experience influences human attention, but also the state of the brain. It is now known that learning in the state of a medium level of activation (slight shift towards the negative pole) is more efficient. A large influence on the perception and attention has emotions that are located as mentioned in the limbic system (Roth, 2005). For ongoing learning information recording is required. Thus, learning can be described as a permanent testing of hypotheses. This existing knowledge with newly incoming information is confirmed (assimilation), but above all to improve, expand and change (accommodation). This paper has evaluated the impact of brain lateralization on human learning. The link between these asymmetries and hemispheric dominance is found to be quite strong. Difference between the left-hand and the right-hand side of the brain is found to have impact on mathematical abilities, spatial judgment, logical evaluation and aesthetical development. Scientific evidence on the functioning of left and right hemisphere of the human brain has confirmed the hypothesis that learning differences are found between the two sides of the brain. The right hemisphere is dominant in people with left-handedness, which confirms motor development and neurological thinking is from this hemisphere of the brain. It is also concluded that learning differences are permanent as well, since a right-handed person cannot be forced to become left-handed. These learning differences are also found to be a source of parental concern whether their child is left-handed or right handed. Further research is needed to evaluate the societal impacts on these learning differences between the two sides of the human brain. References Annett, M. (1985 ). Left, right, hand and brain: the right shift theory. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Beaton, A. (2004). Dyslexia, Reading, and the Brain. New York: Psychology Press. Capacchione, L. (2001). The Power of Your Other Hand. Ohio: The Career Press. Coon, D., & Mitterer, J. (2010). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior. California: Wadsworth Learning. Coon, D., & Mitterer, J. (2010). Psychology: A Journey. New York: Engage Learning. Morris, R. (2005). Left Brain, Right Brain, Whole Brain? Retrieved July 25, 2012, from singsurf.org : www.singsurf.org/brain/rightbrain.php Neveu, P. (2008). The Production and Effects of Cytokines Depend on Brain Lateralization. NeuroImmune Biolog, 549-563. Osman, A., Mà ¼ller, K., & Syre, P. (2005). Paradoxical lateralization of brain potentials during imagined foot movements. Cognitive Brain Research, 24(3), 727-731. Pinel, P., & Dehaene, S. (2010). Beyond Hemispheric Dominance: Brain Regions Underlying the Joint Lateralization of Language and Arithmetic to the Left Hemisphere. Journal Of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(1), 48-66. Roth, M. (2005). The Left Stuff: How the Left-Handed Have Survived and Thrived in a Right handed world. Ohio: Rowman Publishing. Vallortigara, G., & Bisazza, A. (1999). Possible evolutionary origins of cognitive brain lateralization. Brain Research Reviews, 30(2), 164-175.

Understand How To Safeguard The Wellbeing Of Children And Young People

There is much more to Safeguarding than just protecting children from direct abuse. Any service that works with children and young people knows that they have a much wider responsibility than simply protecting the children from neglect and abuse. An action plan was put in place by Her Majesty’s Government called the ‘Stay Safe’ action plan, and it identifies a number of important features in the wider view of safeguarding including:†¢Keeping children safe from accidents†¢Crime and bullying – This could be helping victims of crime and also helping those that commit crime. This could also be witness's that need support Bullying could be racially motivated, cyber, text. Making sure that children and parents are given the information to protect themselves†¢Forced marriages†¢Missing children – This aims to develop an action plan to put the principles set out in The Children’s Society recommendations into action, to initiate an e arly review of emergency accommodation provision, to consider how local authorities can best provide safe places and ‘breathing spaces’ for young runaways; and revise the Missing from Home and Care guidance, in conjunction with the review of the Children Act 1989 regulations and guidance.†¢Actively promoting their welfare in a healthy and safe environment – The Staying Safe action plan states that it is important that everyone (parents, practitioners, government) work together to create the healthiest, safest environment possible for children and young people to access wherever they are, whether they’re at home, school/nursery, on public transport or just outside playing. It is everyone’s responsibility to create this safe environment so that all young people can achieve and are getting the best support possible.The Staying Safe consultation document set out three levels of safeguarding: †¢Universal safeguarding – Working to keep al l children and young people safe and create safe environments for all children†¢Targeted safeguarding – Some groups of children are more at risk than others, and it is important to target policies and services to these groups, to help keep them safe from harm†¢Responsive safeguarding – Unfortunately, no matter what we do, there  will always be some children and young people who suffer harm. We need to respond quickly and appropriately when this happens – supporting children and dealing with those who harm them.

Free Essays on Computer Monitoring

In today’s U.S. firms, three quarters (77.7%) of employees are monitored by on site surveillances by their employers. It is a way of keeping the company informed of its employees’ activities at work. New technologies make it possible for employers to monitor many aspects of their employees’ jobs. Unless a company policy specifically states otherwise, employers may listen, watch and read most of their employees’ workplace communications through telephones, computer terminals, electronic and voice mail systems, and Internet connections products. One way of monitoring employees is through the telephone. Employers may monitor calls with employees and customers for quality assurance purposes. In some states, employers are required by law to inform employees that their conversations are being recorded or monitored. This can be done by putting a beep tone on the line or playing a recorded message that would indicate that their conversations are being monitored. Under Federal Law, employers are not allowed to monitor employees’ personal calls. Employers can also obtain a record of your phone calls through a device called a pen register which allows them to see a list of phone numbers dialed by your extension and the length of each call you make. Another way of monitoring employees is through computer terminals. Your terminal may be the employer’s window into your workplace. There are several types of computer monitoring. One common type of computer monitoring is through the use of computer software that enables them to see what is on the employees’ screen. Employers can also see what is stored in the employees’ terminal and hard disks. Another method involves word-processing and data entry jobs that can be monitored by their keystroke. This can indicate to managers if their employers are above or below the standard number of keystrokes expected. Another computer monitoring technique allows the employers to keep... Free Essays on Computer Monitoring Free Essays on Computer Monitoring In today’s U.S. firms, three quarters (77.7%) of employees are monitored by on site surveillances by their employers. It is a way of keeping the company informed of its employees’ activities at work. New technologies make it possible for employers to monitor many aspects of their employees’ jobs. Unless a company policy specifically states otherwise, employers may listen, watch and read most of their employees’ workplace communications through telephones, computer terminals, electronic and voice mail systems, and Internet connections products. One way of monitoring employees is through the telephone. Employers may monitor calls with employees and customers for quality assurance purposes. In some states, employers are required by law to inform employees that their conversations are being recorded or monitored. This can be done by putting a beep tone on the line or playing a recorded message that would indicate that their conversations are being monitored. Under Federal Law, employers are not allowed to monitor employees’ personal calls. Employers can also obtain a record of your phone calls through a device called a pen register which allows them to see a list of phone numbers dialed by your extension and the length of each call you make. Another way of monitoring employees is through computer terminals. Your terminal may be the employer’s window into your workplace. There are several types of computer monitoring. One common type of computer monitoring is through the use of computer software that enables them to see what is on the employees’ screen. Employers can also see what is stored in the employees’ terminal and hard disks. Another method involves word-processing and data entry jobs that can be monitored by their keystroke. This can indicate to managers if their employers are above or below the standard number of keystrokes expected. Another computer monitoring technique allows the employers to keep...

How to Write a Novel Writing an AMAZING Book in 15 Steps

How to Write a Novel Writing an AMAZING Book in 15 Steps How to Write a Novel in 15 Steps Much like learning to ride a bike, the best way to learn how to write a novel is by just doing it. Unlike saddling up on a Schwinn for the first time, however, writing a novel can’t be accomplished in one hot summer’s day. It requires good doses of commitment and perseverance. As Octavia Butler put it: â€Å"You don’t start out writing good stuff. You start out writing crap and thinking it’s good stuff, and then gradually you get better at it. That’s why I say one of the most valuable traits is persistence.†This post will break up the 15 major steps of writing a novel into bite-sized pieces, organized in three categories - before, during, and after you write your manuscript. Those steps are as follows:How to Write a Novel: Working with readers is important, because during the writing process authors can often become blind to certain issues like plot holes, lack of continuity, exposition dumps, etc. Beta readers can help you iron these things out before you publish your novel - and you get the exact same feedback, only in a negative user review on Amazon which everyone can see.For more information on where to find beta readers and tips for getting the most out of working with them, head here. And if you're curious about sensitivity readers and what they do, go here.15. Hire a professional editorOne of the most important parts of getting a novel ready for publication is to: hire an editor. It might not be the cheapest investment, but when you think of the many hours you’ve spent getting your novel to this point, the cost of getting an expert to fine-tune and polish your story is likely worth it.Here are a few types of editors you might want to consider working with:Developmental Editor. If youâ⠂¬â„¢re planning to hire multiple editors once you finish your manuscript, it’s best to start with a developmental one. They will provide a holistic and in-depth review of your novel,   giving you feedback on everything from problematic characterization to sentence structure.Copyediting. A copyeditor has a more zero’d-in approach than developmental editor. They will make sure that the â€Å"copy† - the actual language used in your novel - is perfect, keeping an eye out for things like bad grammar, repetition of certain words, or spelling mistakes.Proofreading. Typically the last stage of editing, proofing provides your manuscript with a final polish, making sure it puts its best foot forward when it hits the presses. A proofreader will ensure that every word in your novel is spelt correctly and that every sentence is grammatically correct, clearly marking any errors they find.Learn more about what each type of editing consists of here.Now, how about that pri ce tag we mentioned? Well, the cost of professional editing will depend on a number of variables: the type of editing you need, the specific editor you hire, and your books length, to start.But to give you a general idea, here are the potential costs of editing a 60,000-word manuscript:Developmental Editing: $1,440Copy Editing: $1,020Proofreading: $600Check out our post for more information on the costs of editing - and even try out our pricing calculator by entering the word count for your novel and genre. Step by step: tackle writing a novel in bite-sized pieces And there you have it, 15 steps that will take you from â€Å"one day I’ll write a novel† to â€Å"today I finished writing my first novel.† During the process, the perfect title for your book may have come to you. If not, finding the perfect moniker for your story will likely be a last - and important! - step. But don’t worry, we’re not going to leave you hanging. Check out our book title generator and generate titles based on your genre until you find the one.What step of the process do you typically get stuck on? What advice might you have for other writers currently struggling to get their novel going? Leave any thoughts or questions in the comments below!

Nasser Speaks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nasser Speaks - Assignment Example Everything in this piece of work is mixed up as though one was observing a real life development than in a piece of writing such as in a book which one would expect to be more systematic and follow chapters, and subheadings. An example is when the writer talks about family panning, development in agriculture and the exploitation of natural recourses all in one paragraph and in a manner to suggest that they are all related subjects to the point he is trying to make. One can only assume that that is the way of reasoning within his cultural context where everything is thought of a whole and where everything interacts with everything else in one big complicated whole. That having being said the writer presents solutions to developmental challenges, which are present in Egypt, and gives solutions to them. He also proposes a workable solution to the present day issues of governance which he thinks should mix the past (feudalism) and the present, democracy and the tribal (socialism).In fact what he is proposing is a mix of democratic capitalism with a hint of socialist tendencies. In all this, he does not fail to remind his people and their fellow Arab states of their need to unite and develop for the future in order to consolidate their power as a block through allegiance and economic power. The writer sees the world in two views: the world of the Arab and the others. There is also an attempt at reminding the Arab world of their heritage and the need to fight against imperialists. Although they are not expressly mention, one can deduce from the dialogue that it is western nations. This is because of the need to defend the Arab way of life and their tribal creeds, which have only been threatened by western occupation and civilization. This work therefore comes forth as a personal expression of life in Egypt. The definations, solutions and

IN THE ESTATES OF NICKY AND LYDIA GRAY Case Study

IN THE ESTATES OF NICKY AND LYDIA GRAY - Case Study Example However a practitioner must advise the executors to publish an advertisement in the London Gazette and in the news paper having circulation in the district where the respective assets of the deceased are situate, for any liabilities owed by them. This is a requirement under section 27(1) of the Trustee Act 1925. As per what is known as Benjamin order 1, if it is not practicable to advertise, court should be approached for an order to distribute the estate assuming that all debts have been ascertained.2 As per s 34 and schedule 1 of Administration of Estates Act, it should be ensured that all debts are paid with due diligence, formal discharge or receipts for payments should be obtained and obtain a clearance certificate for tax liability on the estate of the deceased from the Capital Taxes office, and ensure that Department of Social Services does not have any claim on the estate,3 In addition any mortgage debt should be paid after payment of funeral expenses.4 Since it has been ment ioned that the Greenfield 'was left in trust for life ', it should be examined whether exemption from inheritance tax can be claimed under Trustees Act. The gift of violin to Beatrice will be exempted from Inheritance Tax if value is below 3,000, even though the deceased Nicky Gray had not survived for 7 years from the date of gift for availing exemption from the said tax. As the value of the Nicky Gray's property is said to be 500,000 as per the offer the executors in trust have received which is in excess of the 300,000, it is subject to Inheritance tax. The value of other assets also must be added to this value to compute inheritance tax which at present is 40% of the nil rate band of 300,000 for the year 2007-2008 and 350,000 thereafter upto April 2010. The executors may liable to pay the inheritance tax within six months of the testator's death and then only apply for Probate with evidence of having paid some or all of the tax due. The executors also should apply for probate in the probate court either in Principal Registry in London or in an applicable district probate court as the case may be and obtain a probate order from t he court. This is an authority conferred by the court on the executors to deal with the estate of the deceased in accordance with their Will. This will also help get access to Lydia Gray's bank account on being produced at the identified bank. Nicky Gray's Will Nicky's Green filed house is to be held in trust by Howard and Elaine Gray for life and then what ever is the remainder of the house will go to Alan Gray. Since Alan Gray is also one of the executors, he took the probate but is not taking any action. As Howard Gray and Elaine Gray who are ninety years old, they better appoint Administrators on their behalf to carry out the Will's administration. Subject to clarification regarding exemption from inheritance tax, it is only after the payment of inheritance tax, the court will issue grant with which the executors can deal with the property. The executors in order to pay the inheritance tax have to borrow money or meet from their own funds initially. They have to maintain an account for every beneficiary to see. They can distribute the balance amount of the estate after deducting the tax so paid and other expenses incurred and other liabilities paid if any. Under

Measles outbreak Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Measles outbreak - Essay Example The unvaccinated women from California transmitted the virus in theme parks and Airports (Gastaà ±aduy, et al., 2014). The State Health departments from Colorado, California, Washington, and Utah have confirmed cases of an extremely contagious strain of measles. These cases, taken together, they would account for about 12% of all measles cases reported in United States over the last one year. The Centre for Disease Control, (CDC) projects that there are about 220 cases of measles reported per annum (Gahr, et al., 2014). According to the CDC, Measles is the most deadly of all childhood fever or rash diseases. Measles is a virus that inhabits the throat and nose of all the people that are infected and causes a rash, fever, coughing and red eyes. Although, there is a vaccine, an anti-vaccination movement has gained momentum in the United States despite the increased debunking and criticism of the movements claims (Jin, 2015). On January 7th, 2015, the California’s Department of Public Health believes that, in December, the individual infected with measles was residing in Disneyland Theme Park. The person unknowingly infected other people at the theme park (Zipprich, et al., 2015). According to LA Times, at that time, among the people infected with Measles was unvaccinated traveller in her 20s. On 28th December, while at the Theme Park the woman became sick and contagious. From there, she flew from Orange County to Washington State, Snohomish County, and then returned to Orange County, on January 3rd. Four days later, on January 7th, health officials in California announced an outbreak of measles (Jin, 2015). Measles viruses are contagious; they can live up to two hours on the surfaces of the infected people, transmitting it through sneezes and coughs (Whitaker & Poland, 2014). The CDC states that Measles is a highly contagious virus that 90% of the unvaccinated people close to the sick person are infected. Although, over 20 Million

Transformational Leadership Style And Organizational Culture Management Essay

Transformational Leadership Style And Organizational Culture Management Essay This quantitative research investigates the relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with organizational commitment and job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. The literature supported the relationship between these variables and the relationship between these variables was investigated by different approaches. However, in the current study the researcher uses transformational leadership style which introduced by Bass as a independent variable and four types of organizational culture such as Clan, Hierarchy, Adhocracy, Market and which introduced by Cameron and Quinn in 1999 as a mediator variable, while the three dimensions of organizational commitment such as Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment which introduced by Meyer and Allen in 1991 and job satisfaction as dependent variables. The objectives of this research are Firstly, to determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Secondly, to determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Thirdly, to determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocratic) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Fourthly, to determine the effect of Organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocratic) on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. fifthly, to determine the effect of Organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocratic) on the relationship between tr ansformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Lastly, to determine the nature of the relationship between organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To achieve these aims four instruments will use in this research such as Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) uses to test employee opinions about leadership style, Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) uses to measure Organizational Culture, (TCOCQ) Three Components Organizational Commitment Questionnaire uses to measure Organizational Commitment and (JSS) Job Satisfaction Survey to measure Job Satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. The pilot study asserted that these instruments were suitable for this research because the result of the Cronbachs alpha reliability coefficients for the transformational leadership style, organizational culture, organizational commitment and job satisfaction are more than 0.70. The nature of the data and the relationship between the method and the research objectives are considered as the basis for selecting the right statistical methods. Therefore, this study used what is relevant to the research question and framework. The statistical methods will be used in this study consist of Descriptive analysis, Inferential analysis, Correlation, and Multiple linear regression. The findings from this study will also provide some useful information of leadership style in oil sector in Libya to many researchers and managers with the opportunity to gain and enhance their knowledge in this field, and will be contribute building knowledge and an understanding in this field in National Oil Corporation in Libya insha Allah. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Libya is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa. Libya has attracted hydrocarbon exploration since 1956, when the first wildcat oil well was drilled onshore in the Sirte Basin. Libya granted multiple concessions to Esso, Mobil, Texas Gulf, and others, resulting in major oil discoveries by 1959. The government dominates Libyas economy through control of oil resources, which account for approximately 95% of export earnings, 75% of government receipts, and over 50% of GDP. The National Oil Corporation was established in 1970. It dominates Libyas oil industry, along with a number of smaller subsidiaries, which combined account for around half of the countrys oil output. Figure 1.1the map of Libya describes Gas Pipeline, Oil Pipeline, Oil Field, Liquefied Gas Planet Oil Terminal (Oil Exporting harbor) and Petroleum refining which owned and controlled by National Oil Corporation in Libya. http://www.odysseydawn.com/libya-oil-map.jpg Figure 1.1: Map of Libya describes Gas Pipeline, Oil Pipeline, Oil Field, Liquefied Gas Planet Oil Terminal (Oil Exporting harbor) and Petroleum refining which owned and controlled by National Oil Corporation in Libya. Source: http://www.google.com.my/images (8-4-2011) National Oil Corporation is carrying out exploration and production operations through its own affiliated companies, or in participation with other companies under service contracts or any other kind of petroleum investment agreements. This is in addition to marketing operations of oil and gas, locally and abroad. NOC has its own fully owned companies which carry out exploration, development and production operations, in addition to local and international marketing companies. NOC also has participation agreements with specialized international companies. Such agreements have developed into exploration and production sharing agreements, in accordance with the development of the international oil and gas industry, and international petroleum marketing. The National Oil Corporation of Libya (NOC) is a state-owned company that controls Libyas oil and gas production. The company is the biggest oil producer in Africa. Its mandate was to endeavor to promote the Libyan economy by undertakin g development, management and exploitation of oil resources as well as by participating in planning and executing the general oil policy of the state. The Brega Petroleum Marketing Company, a subsidiary of NOC, was set up to carry out the marketing activities of NOC, and the marketing assets of all the foreign oil companies were nationalized. A point of that during the past four decades, the impact of leadership styles on organizational performance has been a topic of interest among academics and practitioners working in the area of leadership (Darwish, 1998; Sadler, 2003; Rowe et al., 2005; Gadot,2007; Yiing, and Zaman Ahmad, 2009). The researcher would like to examine how leadership style influences organization performance in Libya in (NOC). Rowe et al (2005) pointed out that the most prominent reason for this interest is the widespread belief that leadership can affect organizations performance (Jing and Avery, 2008). In addition, the creation of a state-owned oil company allowed Libya to follow in the footsteps of other oil-producing economies, where control of such a revenue-generating resource lay with the government. Soon after its establishment, NOC signed a joint venture agreement with the U.S. Occidental Petroleum involving production-sharing. In 1971, NOC arranged a processing deal with Sincat of Italy for refining oil products for domestic consumption, thereby providing a cheap supply of oil for internal Libyan consumption. A joint drilling company was formed with Saipem, a subsidiary of the Italian ENI, in early 1972. By April 1974, production-sharing agreements had been reached with Exxon, Mobil, Compagnie Franà §aise des Pà ©troles, Elf Aquitaine, and Agip. By using the surplus funds and technical expertise of the foreign oil companies, the problem of stimulating investment in exploration was resolved. In 1980, the Libyan Arabian Gulf Oil Company (Agoco) was established by NOC throug h the amalgamation of the Arabian Gulf Exploration Company, Umm-al-Jawabi Oil Company, and direct NOC exploration and production interests. NOC continued to make production-sharing agreements. In 2004, NOCs estimated crude oil output was 1.623 million barrels per day. The company hoped to raise its production to two million barrels per day by 2007. Figure 1.2 below shows the revenue of National Oil Corporation in Libya from (1999 to 2009). Figure 1.2: Libyas Oil Production (1999-2009) in million barrels per day Source: British Petroleum, BP Statistical Review of World Energy June (2010) This study set out to investigate whether there is an interrelation between transformational leadership style and organizational culture, and the effect of organizational culture on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment and job satisfaction in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. In particular, our knowledge would benefit from an understanding of how leadership and organizational culture affect job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The study examines Libya National Oil Corporation in relation to leadership style in the organization. Thus, the study also would like to explore an organizational culture of the National Oil Corporation and finally how does leadership style in particular transformational leadership style may influence the National Oil Corporation progresses. The subject of leadership is interesting for many researchers. In addition, the continued search for good leaders has resulted in the development of many leadership theories (Mosadegh and Yarmohammadian, 2006). According to Oluseyi and Ayo (2009) Leadership is a central feature of organizational performance. This is an essential part of management activities of people and directing their efforts towards the goals and objectives of the organization. There must be an appropriate form of behavior to enhance performance. Leadership might be viewed in terms of the role of the leaders and their ability to achieve effective performance from others. In recent years, leadership has been studied in various ways, depending on the researchers methodological preferences and definition of leadership (Chen, 2002; Reuvers, et al., 2008; Gadot, 2007). Oluseyi and Ayo (2009) defined Leadership as the moral and intellectual ability to visualize and work for what is best for the company and its employees. Good management and effective leadership help to develop team work and the integration of individual and group goals. On the other hand, Kenny and Zaccaro (1983) suggested that leaders to be successful need a behavioral repertoire and the ability to select the right role for the situation. To do this, leaders need both cognitive and behavioral complexity and flexibility a leader needs the ability to perceive the needs and goals of a constituency and the ability to adjust ones personal approach to group action (Leban and Zulauf 2004). Therefore, Mosadeghrad et al (2006) pointed out that while there are several styles of leadership such as: autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez-faire, charismatic, democratic, participative, situational, transactional, and transformational leadership. Not everyone agrees that a particular style of leadership will result in the most effective form of organizational behavior. Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach. No one leadership style is ideal for every situation, since a leader may have knowledge and skills to act effectively in one situation but may not emerge as effectively in a different situation. In contrast, Darwish (1998) pointed out that there is wide disagreement among scholars with regard to effective leadership style. For instance, Brozik (1994) argues that no one type of leadership style is the best in all situations. The leader, subordinates and the environment or the task determine the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of each style Kur (1995) believes that effectiveness in leading is directly related to the leaders way of thinking about him, subordinates, organization and environment. Likert (1977) argue that the participative style is more productive in any culture. In the last three decades many scholars had received increasing attention to two new paradigms called transformational leadership and transactional leadership where the interests of the study are. It added a new dimension to organizational studies, namely the visionary aspect of leadership and the emotional involvement of employees within an organization. The basic notion is that a visionary leader can create an impression that he has high competence and a vision to achieve success (Jing and Avery, 2008). According to Bass (1985) developed a theory of visionary or transformational leadership whereby the leader inspires and activates subordinates to perform beyond normal expectations (Jing and Avery, 2008). The study would like to examine this in National Oil Corporation in Libya. On other hand, Lowe et al., (1996) pointed out that there are four dimensions of transformational leadership style such as: Idealized influence or charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. (Bass et al., 2003; Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006), defined these dimensions for transformational leadership as follows: a. Idealized influence or Charisma is the degree to which leaders behave in such a charismatic way that followers identify with them. b. Inspirational motivation is the degree to which leaders articulate visions for the future that appeal to followers. c. Intellectual stimulation is the degree to which leaders challenge assumptions, take risks, and solicit followers ideas. d. Individualized consideration is the degree to which leaders attend to followers needs, act as mentors or coaches, and listen to followers concerns. Bass, (1985), Burns (1978) Leadership is considered a factor that has a major influence on the performance of organizations, managers and employees. More recently, researchers have focused mainly on the subordinates perspective and proposed two main facets of leadership transactional and transformational. This theory suggests that transformational leadership, more than transactional leadership, has a stronger positive effect on employees attitudes towards their job, their job environment, and ultimately affects their work performance. Oluseyi and Ayo (2009) pointed out that leadership is a central feature of organizational performance. This is an essential part of management activities of people and directing their efforts towards the goals and objectives of the organization. There must be an appropriate form of behavior to enhance performance. Leadership might be viewed in terms of the role of the leaders and their ability to achieve effective performance from others. On the other hand, Xenikou and Simosi (2006) suggested that organizational culture and transformational leadership have been theoretically and empirically linked to organizational effectiveness. During the 1990s a number of comparative studies on the culture-performance link showed that certain culture orientations are conducive to performance. Lok and Crawford (2004) pointed out that organizational culture can influence how people set personal and professional goals, perform tasks and administer resources to achieve them. Organizational culture affects the way in which people consciously and subconsciously think make decisions and ultimately the way in which they perceive. While other researchers has suggested that organizational culture can exert considerable influence in organizations particularly in areas such as performance and commitment. Bass (1985) said that transformational leaders frequently change their organizations culture with a new vision and revision of its shared assumptions values and norms. In a transformational culture, there is generally a sense of purpose and a feeling of family. Superiors feel a personal obligation to help new members assimilate into the culture. Assumptions, norms, and values do not preclude individuals from pursuing their own goals and rewards. In addition, Bass (1985) mentioned that transformational qualities lead to performance beyond expectations in organizational settings. A study of Ogbonna and Harris (2000) organizational culture and leadership finds that the two areas have been independently linked to organizational performance. A little critical research attention has been devoted to understand the links between the leadership and culture also and the impact that such an association might have on organizational performance (Ogbonna and Harris, 2000). Organizational commitment is an important employee attribute from the organizations perspective. Several studies have found relationships between high-commitment human resource policies and positive organizational outcomes such as productivity, quality, and profitability (Perryer and Jordan 2005). Organizational commitment has been studied in relation to employee performance there is still considerable controversy surrounding the precise nature of the relationship. While there is some evidence to suggest that organizational commitment is a mediating variable between leadership and performance. Consequently, studies that examine the complex relationships and interaction between these variables will be of value to management theorists and practitioners. Lok and Crawford (2004) said that organizational commitment and job satisfaction have received significant attention in studies of the work place. This is due to the general recognition that these variables can be the major determinants of organizational performance and effectiveness. A numerous of studies in the area of job satisfaction and organizational commitment have been asserted that leadership and organizational culture have significant impact on both job satisfaction and organizational commitment (Chen and Francesco, 2000; Mathieu and Zajac, 1990; Williams and Hazer, 1986). Lok and Crawford (2004) had the same result in his research which has been done to make comparative between Hong Kong and Australian managers the result confirms that organizational culture and leadership styles are important organizational antecedents of job satisfaction and commitment. However, the influence of national culture on leadership styles, organizational culture and their subsequent effects on employees job satisfaction and organizational commitment were not explored intensively enough in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To choose National Oil Corporation in Libya for the current study because Libya is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). It holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa which make it as one of the most important oil-producing countries in Africa and in the world. Therefore, petroleum sector in Libya is very important sector which is like the backbone of Libyan economy. In this context, National Oil Corporation of Libya (NOC) is a state-owned company that controls Libyas oil and gas production. The company is the biggest oil producer in Africa. Its mandate was to endeavor to promote the Libyan economy by undertaking development, management and exploitation of oil resources as well as by participating in planning and executing the general oil policy of the state. In additionally, the study expected to offer some useful information of leadership style in National Oil Corporation in Libya, and hopes that this useful information can help to contribute building knowledge and an understanding in this filed in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 1.2 Purpose of Research Study The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational culture, with job satisfaction and organizational commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Cameron and Quinn (1999) pointed out that numerous studies report the most frequent reason given for the failure of planned organizational change was due to a neglect of the organizational culture. According to Schneider (2000) Organizational culture is a key to organizational success, and effective leadership is the means by which the culture is created and managed. Understanding organizational culture is an important activity for managers because it affects strategic development, productivity and learning at all levels of management (Twati and Gammack, 2006). The relationship between transformational leadership style and organizational culture was examined by some researchers such as Xenikou and Simosi (2006), who asserted in his study that organizational culture had direct impact on organization performance while transformational leadership had indirect positive influence on performance through its impact achievement orientation. This study showed that organizational culture mediates the effect of transformational leadership on performance. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to accept or reject the suppositions that there is a relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with job satisfaction and organization commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Therefore, Yiing and Bin Ahmad (2009) pointed out that leaders behaviors have positive and significant relationship with organizational commitment. On the other hand, cultures have significant moderating effects on the relationship between leadership behaviors and organizational commitment. However, the main academic purpose of this study is to make a contribution in leadership field behaviors on culture and on organization behavior in the petroleum sector in Libya. 1.3 Problem Statement The oil sector is the most important sector in Libya. Libya is one of the most important oil-producing countries in Africa and in the world and that the interest in this sector is very important. Therefore, this sector needs professionals leaders who can achieve all the goals of both employees and organization. An organization short on capital can borrow money, and one with a poor location can move. But an organization short on leadership has little chance for survival (Darwish, 1998). A set of characteristics that help leaders to achieve the plans, programs, policies and strategy that have been developed and the advancement of their respective organizations. The most important of these characteristics experience, decision-making, knowledge and to deal with the environmental variables that may occur both within and outside the organization. The weakness of these skills and characteristics makes it difficult for leaders to carry out its functions and achieve organizations goals. Therefore, Chen (2002) found that transformational leadership behaviors have a slightly positive relationship with organizational commitment. While Harris and Mossholder (1996), pointed out that organizational culture stands as the center from which all other factors of human resource management derive. It is believed to influence individuals attitudes concerning outcomes, such as commitment, motivation, morale, and satisfaction. In addition, Bass (1985) have mentioned that demonstrates the relationship between leadership and culture by examining the impact of different styles of leadership on culture. He argues that transformational leaders frequently work towards changing the organizational culture in line with their vision. Similarly, Brown (1992) observes that good leaders need to develop the skills that enable them to alter aspects of their culture in order to improve their organizational performance. The leaders of National Oil Corporation have to know that organizational culture, organization commitment and job satisfaction are very important factors can help them to achieve the goals of the organization, and these variables enhance organization performance. In short, and based to what has been mentioned above, this study is trying to clarify the relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with job satisfaction and organizational commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Which the researcher believes it does not exist in Libya National Oil Corporation. Specifically, the relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with job satisfaction and organizational commitment and how organizational culture effect the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment and job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. The research questions are as follows: 1. Is there any relationship between transformational leadership style organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 2. Is there any relationship between transformational leadership style job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 3. Is there any relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 4. Does Organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) have any effect on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 5. Does Organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) have any effect on the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 6. Is there any relationship between organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 1.4 Focus and Research Objectives The overall objective of this study is to examine the role of leadership style in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. The specific objective in this study is to clarify the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction and organizational commitment while organizational culture is the mediate variable in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. The study expected to offer some useful information of leadership style in oil sector in Libya, and hopes that this useful information can help to contribute building knowledge and an understanding in this filed in National Oil Corporation in Libya. The breakdown of these objectives yields the following specific objectives: 1. To determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 2. To determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 3. To determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 4. To determine the effect of organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 5. To determine the effect of organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) on the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 6. To determine the nature of the relationship between organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 1.5 Rationale of Study Previous studies have examined the link between leadership paradigms and behaviors and have shown a positive relationship, none has explained the nature of this connection, and therefore, how and why leadership affects performance. Future research needs to address this deficiency. In sum, based on the above discussion, there are many problems and gaps in existing studies of the leadership performance relationship that need to be addressed before a clear picture of this relationship can be drawn (Jing and Avery, 2008). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational culture with job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the Notional Oil Corporation in Libya. Therefore, the topic of leadership is very important to the organization performance and the entire petroleum sector. Leaders can set the direction of the organization and it is very significance issue can lead the organization to achieve their goals. To do this study in the Notional Oil Corporation in Libya because Libya is the one of the (OPEC) organization and this sector is very important which is like the backbone of Libyan economy. Therefore, organization culture influences organization performance and also the employees. Organization culture influence perceptions of employees towards investors of technology transfer. Additionally, try to add useful information to improve our knowledge for this field in Libya. 1.6 Significance of Study This study is important for several reasons, to make a positive view of transformational leadership style in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. To clarify the problems and barriers encountered in application of transformational leadership style programs in the National Oil Corporation in Libya in the context to the case included in this study. In addition, to clarify the role of leadership to improve organization performance in the National Oil Corporation in Libya and to what extent this leadership succeeded to achieve organizations goals. On the other hand, this study is an attempt to participate in and contribute to research resulting in knowledge increases. Assist scholars, and other researches in leadership field. The researcher achieved that the leadership style and organizational culture play a significant role to effect organizational commitment and job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. In particular, how transformational leadership style and organizational culture can impact organizational commitment and job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Finally, the researcher achieved the nature of the relationship between all these concepts such as transformational leadership style, organizational culture, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 1.7 Definition of Terms 1.7.1 Leadership Leadership, like most other concepts in social sciences, has no single or unique definition. It has been defined differently by different authors. Leadership is defined as the process of influencing employees to work toward the achievement of objectives. While others defined leadership as a management function, which is mostly directed towards people and social interaction, as well as the process of influencing people so that they will achieve the goals of the organization. 1.7.2 Leadership Style Leadership style is the way to understand why leaders, faced with seemingly identical situations, use such different decision processes. Leadership style can be viewed as a series of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual and organizational values, leadership interests and reliability of employees in different situations. In the other meaning, it is the ability of a leader to influence subordinates to performing at their highest capability. 1.7.3 Transformational leadership Transformational leadership is grooms followers into future leaders by giving them freedom to control their behavior, elevates followers concerns from physical to psychological needs